영문법 정리 - 바나나쌤의 1달 완성 영문법4

바나나쌤의 1달 완성 영문법 1, 2을 참고하여 영문법을 정리했다.

분사구문

시간접속사

• When I was studying, I almost fell asleep
• Being study, I almost fell asleep (Being이 오면 대부분 생략 가능)
• Studying, I almost fell asleep

  부대상황 접속사

• (동시에 일어나거나 바로 전후에 일어나는 상황)
  • You never clean up the kitchen table while you are cooking the food
  • You never clean up the kitchen table, (being) cooking the food

    이유접속사

  • He couldn’t join use, since he was ill
  • He couldn’t join use, being ill (형용사만 혼자 남아 어색하므로 being을 남겨둔다)

    양보접속사

• Even though he is a doctor, he doesn’t sound smart at all
  • Being a doctor, he doesn’t sound smart at all

    조건접속사

  • If you put yourself in their shoes, you will understand them
  • Putting yourself in their shoes, you will understand them (현재형과 미래형은 같은 시제로 취급)
• 접속사를 생략했을 때 의미가 달라지는 경우 생략하지 않는다
  • When cooking, you should be careful not to burn yourself
• 주어와 종속절의 주어가 다른 경우
  • 독립분사구분 : 주어를 생략하지 않는 경우
    • As there is food left in the refrigerator, we can servive
    • There being food left in the refrigerator, we can servive(there being은 어감이 좋지 않아 with으로 대체한다 ->
    • With food left in the refrigerator, we can servive)
  • 일반인 주어일 때: 주어가 다르지만 생략하는 경우
    • If we speak frankly, he is a great manager
    • Frankly speaking, he is a great manager
  • 동사의 시제가 다른 경우
    • I am free tonight since I finished my homework yesterday
    • I am free tonight, having finished my homework yesterday
    • Even though I was born into riches, I now find myself in poverty
    • (Having being) born into riches, I now find myself in poverty (Having being도 being 처럼 생략 가능)

가정법

1.모르는 상황에 대한 가정

• 현재 또는 미래 사실
  • If he doesn’t come, I will be very upset
  • If you have ever seen parasite, you will get into Korean movies.
• 과거
  • If he passed the exam, he must be partying
• 가능성이 희박한 일
  • 가능성이 적거나 일어나지 않았으면 하는 일
    • If I should fail this exam, my mom will scold me badly
    • Should I fail this exam, my mom will scold me badly(만에 하나 주어가 동사 한다면~)
• 일어날 확률이 거의 없는 일
  • If I were to die tomorrow, who would take care of my children?

2. 이미 아는 사실에 반대되는 상황의 가정

• 현재 사실에 반대되는 가정
  • If I had money, I would’t live like this.
  • If it were not raining, we could go for a walk
  • Were it not raining, we could go for a walk
• 과거 사실에 반대되는 가정

  • 그에 따르는 과거 사실에 대한 반대 결과 가정 ⠀ - If the Korean War hadn’t happened, I could have met my grandfather

  • 그에 따르는 현재 사실에 대한 반대 결과 가정

    • If I had not married you, I could be much happier
    • Had I not married you, I could be much happier (글을 쓰다 if문이 많아지면 지루해지므로 문장의 다양성을 위해 생략하기도 한다)
• What if
  • What if the supermarket is closed already?
• as if (=as though)
  • She behaves as if nothing had happened
  • She looked at me as if to ask for help

• if it were not for ⠀- If it were not for injustice, men would not know justice

• if it had not been for ⠀- If it hadn’t been for him, I wouldn’t be where I am today

• wish * 후회를 전재로 하는 표현이라 that절에 오는 동사는 과거형/과거완료형 -⠀I wish I had studied English earlier
  • 주어+조동사+동사+전명구
    • I ~would~ feel better ~after taking a nap~
• 조동사
  • Drinking too much alcohol could actually kill you
• otherwise
  • She doesn’t understand me; otherwise, she wouldn’t say that

비교급

원급비교

• I am smart. He is smart
• I am (three times) as smart as he (be동사는 생략 가능, 구어체에서는 발음이 편리해 목적격(him)으로 표현하나 문법적으로는 틀린 표현이므로 문어체에서는 he로 써야한다)

비교급 비교

• 2음절 이하의 일반형용사 + -er + than
  • Students are busier than teachers in Korea
  • more than
• 3음절 이상의 일반 형용사
  • Smartphones are far more convenient than telephone landlines
• 형용사형 어미(ous/ble/ful/some/ly) 형용사
  • I feel more comfortable with my dogs than with friends
• 분사
  • Issuing certificates in Korea is so much more complicated than it needs to be 인증서를 발급하는 것은
• 예외적인 비교급

  • 새로운 형태 ⠀ - Better safe than sorry

  • 끝이 or로 끝나며 단어 자체가 비교급인 형용사들 + to -⠀Don’t act superior to other people

• 관용구
  • I feel none the better for seeing a doctor
  • I don’t feel any better for seeing a doctor
  • I woke up feeling better the next morning, none the worse for the terrible accident last night
• 비교급 강조부사
  • far/ by far/ much/ even/ still/ a lot
• 최상급 비교
  • 2음절 이하의 일반형용사 + -est + in(장소)/among(무리)
  • the most + 3음절 이상의 형용사/분사/형용사형 어미
  • the를 쓰지 않는 최상급
    • 부사의 최상급
      • All his family were in a car accident, but he was the one who suffered most
    • 스스로가 비교 대상인 경우
    • You seem to be happiest when you eat (스스로와 비교)
    • You look the happiest in this picture (다른 사람과 비교)

⠀ * a most 아주 ~한 - I had a most delightful time

• 최상급 강조부사
  • very/ far and away by far
  • By far the best proof is experience 단언컨대 최고의 증명은

특수구문

부정

• few+가산명사
  • He has few personal flaws
    • I have a few books to read and keep me busy (부정이 아니고 조금 있다, 몇몇으로 해석)
• little+불가산명사
  • I had little money 거의 없었다
  • I had a little money 조금 있었다

도치

• 부정어 도치
  • ⠀Little did I dream of being an actor 꿈도 꾸지 못했다
  • Under no circumstances should you believe him
• 제한어 도치
  • 부사 Only then did they notice he was listening
  • 부사구 Only by guessing can you solve this problem
  • 부사절 Only after finishing your homework can you go home
• 양보접속사 wh-ever 도치
  • Whatever you say, I will not change my mind
  • Say whatever you, I will not change my mind
  • Say what you, I will not change my mind
  • Say what you might, I will not change my mind

동조

• ⠀He(jack) is so cute
• So he(jack) is
• He(jack) is so cute
• So is he(john)

형식별 도치

• 1형식
  • there/here
    • There comes a time when you should back off
    • Here is the thing 할 말이 있어
    • There you go! (주어가 대명사일 때는 도치하지 않는다) 잘했어
  • 2형식
    • 주어가 긴 경우
    • Happy is the bride on whom the sun shines
  • 보어가 문두에 나간 양보절(보어는 명사/형용사만 가능)
    • Sweet as she is, she doesn’t like kids
  • 3형식
  • I did what I had to do without hesitation
  • What I had to do, I did without hesitation
    • “I like it,” said Mary.
• 5형식
  • 딱딱하고 어색하게 들리는 문어체라서 일상에서는 거의 쓰지 않는다, 목적보어에 대부분 형용사가 온다)

  • 목적어가 길 때 ⠀- The success of the low-cost airlines made ~affordable~ world travel for the poor

  • 동봉된 파일/서류/자료 등이 있음을 강조할 때
    • Enclosed you will find a copy of my resume and a reference letter 당신은 제 이력서와 추천서가 동봉된 것을 찾을 수 있을 것입니다
    • Attached you will find the map to our office

강조

• 동사 강조 : 동사 앞에 do/does/did
  • I did study hard
  • Do be careful (원래 be동사는 do로 강조하지 않지만, 명령문에서만 가능)

생략

• 부사절 접속사 뒤의 주어+동사
  • ⠀You need to pay an extra entrance fee unless (you are) invited
• I/you think 등의 삽입절이 있으면 주격관계대명사도 생략 가능

  • She is the one (who) I think cheated on her husband

  • the 비교급 ~ the 비교급에서 be동사/주어+동사 생략 가능
    • The longer the life (is), the more the shame (is)
    • The more (one has), the merrier (it is)
  • 알림말 생략
    • No smoking is allowed
    • No smoking
    • You should approach with caution
    • Approach with caution
  • 생활 용어 생략
    • I thank you
      • thank you
    • Is it for here or to go?
      • here or to go?

참고문헌

• 바나나쌤의 1달 완성 영문법 1
• 바나나쌤의 1달 완성 영문법 2